NEWSpiracy Tutor Handbook EN

https://newspiracy.eu The project "NEWSpiracy" is co-funded by the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union. The content of NEWSpiracy is the sole responsibility of the project partners and neither the European Commission nor the Spanish Service for the Internationalisation of Education (SEPIE) is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Project Number: 2022-1-ES01-KA220-HED-000089608 Post-truth, misinformation and disinformation This type of information is based on newsworthy facts presented in a way that touches the emotions of the people, thus generating the so-called post-truth . This is the culture in which real facts have less influence when it comes to forming public opinion than those facts that appeal to emotions and one's own beliefs (Niño, Barquero & García, 2017). In addition to fake news and post-truth, there are two other concepts that should be paid attention to understand the terminology used. Misinformation and Disinformation are two terms that aim to highlight the transfer of erroneous information or the lack of information, differentiating the intention with which this transfer is made. Saavedra-Vásquez, Estrada-Cuzcano & and Alfaro-Mendives (2020), in their article, define Misinformation as erroneous information , which is not correct and is therefore false. On the other hand, Disinformation is defined as the intentional transfer of misleading , misrepresentative or inconclusive information with the aim of manipulating the recipient's thinking. Means of creation and dissemination Traditional media, while still important in terms of news production, are not as important in terms of news distribution. New players have emerged in the field of distribution, such as messaging platforms, social networks and search portals (Bell, 2017; Nielsen & Ganter, 2017). This change in the information market, together with factors such as the economic crisis, the decrease in sales of printed press and the advertising crisis in the print media, has favoured the appearance of the fake news (Blanco-Herreo & Arcilla-Calderón, 2019). The main creators and disseminators of fake news are social networks such as WhatsApp, Twitter and Facebook. These platforms have become reference news portals where users read and share content without paying attention to the veracity of the news (López-Borrull et al. 2018). According to Kim and Dennis (2019), in these networks, fake news is shared faster than truthful news due to the conformism of readers. These online information consumers are exposed to news shared by their friends, news based on their search history, and propaganda from media advertisers who have paid to be there. This, coupled with the fact that the purpose for which they go online is usually playful, means that