NEWSpiracy Tutor Handbook EN

https://newspiracy.eu The project "NEWSpiracy" is co-funded by the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union. The content of NEWSpiracy is the sole responsibility of the project partners and neither the European Commission nor the Spanish Service for the Internationalisation of Education (SEPIE) is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Project Number: 2022-1-ES01-KA220-HED-000089608 These examples show that it is no longer the facts that generate the news, but rather the news itself that pretends to generate the facts, a statement shared by Álvarez (2017). Fake news and democracy Marc Amorós (2018) adds to the above statement by announcing that the saturation of information channels makes it difficult to process news, which invites readers to read only those that contain content that makes them happy, thus creating an information bias that undermines democracy. While social networks were originally constituted and considered as such in the beginning, as an open space where those without influence could freely express themselves, as well as find large amounts of empowering information (Álvaro, 2018), today they have devolved to expose a dangerous reality that perpetuates bias and inequality. Moreover, these networks are used for political propaganda that makes use of over-information and the automation of content publication to expose people to the situation of not knowing what is real and what is a type of disinformation. One of the most important and dangerous consequences, as Álvaro (2018) rightly states, is the political polarisation that leads to the triumph of extremism. Types of fake news Taking the above examples as a reference, different types of fake news can be found in the networks. Both Márquez and García (2019) and Tandoc, Kim and Ling (2018) set out a taxonomy of fake news in which they highlight 6 different categories of fake news: ● Satire : writing that aims to ridicule and make fun of someone or something. ● Photo manipulation : editing of images and photos to alter the message being conveyed. ● Parody : the use of an ironic tone or a mocking imitation of an event to make a criticism of that event. ● Advertising and public relations : advertisements for products or other services that are unofficial, misleading and unreliable in their provenance. ● Propaganda : presentation of information from a subjective point of view, usually related to political, religious, commercial issues, etc. with the aim of influencing people's thinking.